Contributive Attribution for Question Answering via Tree-based Context Pruning

ACL ARR 2026 January Submission4957 Authors

Keywords: Contributive attributions, Natural Language Processing, Explainability, Trustworthiness, Language Models

Abstract: The development of large language models for question answering has benefited from understanding which context sentences are responsible for their answer. These sentences are commonly called contributive attribution. Recent works use the probability drop of the answer for a modified context to estimate how well sentences in the context match the attribution. Unfortunately, this metric does not convey the necessity and sufficiency qualities that the natural language processing community has defined in previous works. We propose a metric composed of a necessary and a sufficiency score based on probability drops to fill this gap. Then, to illustrate the soundness of the metric in practice, we develop a hierarchical method, TreeFinder, which progressively selects finer parts of the context through tree-based pruning using the metric. It begins with a few coarse-grained chunks and iteratively narrows the top $k$ chunks according to our metric down to sentence-level granularity. At each iteration, we calculate our metric using ablation-based log-probability differences and filter out irrelevant chunks. Experimental results on HotpotQA demonstrate that TreeFinder outperforms ContextCite and TracLLM in contributive attribution quality when it is composed of a few sentences. Further experiments on Loogle and LongBench-v2 show that TreeFinder ranks sentences for attribution score better than ContextCite in long contexts.

Paper Type: Long

Research Area: Question Answering

Research Area Keywords: Human-Centered NLP, Interpretability and Analysis of Models for NLP, NLP Applications, Question Answering

Contribution Types: NLP engineering experiment, Approaches low compute settings-efficiency, Publicly available software and/or pre-trained models

Languages Studied: English

Submission Number: 4957