Diabetic retinopathy grading review: Current techniques and future directions

Wadha Almattar, Hamzah Luqman, Fakhri Alam Khan

Abstract: Highlights•Proposing a taxonomy for categorizing the literature in DR grading.•Evaluating the DR benchmark datasets and highlighting their drawbacks.•Exploring various image processing methods that enhance DR models' performance.•Comparing different learning techniques used to develop DR grading models.•Highlighting open research gaps toward reliable DR grading approaches.