Abstract: Highlights•A linear-time object-oriented programming ART (L′<math><msup is="true"><mrow is="true"></mrow><mrow is="true"><mo is="true">′</mo></mrow></msup></math>OP-ART) algorithm is proposed.•The experimental results show that L′<math><msup is="true"><mrow is="true"></mrow><mrow is="true"><mo is="true">′</mo></mrow></msup></math>OP-ART is much more cost-effective.•An innovative method and the related lightweight distance metrics are proposed in this study.•We prove that the computational overhead of proposed lightweight distance metrics is linear order in theory.
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