Covert communication via blockchain: Hiding patterns and communication patterns

Tao Zhang, Qianhong Wu, Qin Wang, Tianxu Han, Bingyu Li, Yan Zhu

Abstract: Highlights•We find seven types of hiding patterns with covert channels in blockchain.•We discover five covert communication patterns on blockchain for real-world scenarios.•We infer features of covert channels in Bitcoin and recommend hiding capacity for these channels.