Beware of the Simulated DAG! Causal Discovery Benchmarks May Be Easy to Game

Alexander Gilbert Reisach, Christof Seiler, Sebastian Weichwald

Keywords: Causality, Directed Acyclic Graphs, Structure Learning, Continuous Optimization

Abstract: Simulated DAG models may exhibit properties that, perhaps inadvertently, render their structure identifiable and unexpectedly affect structure learning algorithms. Here, we show that marginal variance tends to increase along the causal order for generically sampled additive noise models. We introduce varsortability as a measure of the agreement between the order of increasing marginal variance and the causal order. For commonly sampled graphs and model parameters, we show that the remarkable performance of some continuous structure learning algorithms can be explained by high varsortability and matched by a simple baseline method. Yet, this performance may not transfer to real-world data where varsortability may be moderate or dependent on the choice of measurement scales. On standardized data, the same algorithms fail to identify the ground-truth DAG or its Markov equivalence class. While standardization removes the pattern in marginal variance, we show that data generating processes that incur high varsortability also leave a distinct covariance pattern that may be exploited even after standardization. Our findings challenge the significance of generic benchmarks with independently drawn parameters. The code is available at https://github.com/Scriddie/Varsortability.

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TL;DR: Many causal discovery benchmarks can easily be gamed by exploiting patterns in the way DAGs are simulated.

Code: https://github.com/Scriddie/Varsortability