Experimental validation of a finite state controlled functional electrical stimulation walking system with real-time gait phase detection using a single wearable IMU sensor

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Hikaru Yokoyama, Koshi Shibagaki, Suzufumi Arai, Heather E. Williams, Albert H. Vette, Taishin Nomura, Matija Milosevic

Published: 2025, Last Modified: 23 Jul 2025Biomed. Signal Process. Control. 2025EveryoneRevisionsBibTeXCC BY-SA 4.0
Abstract: Highlights•The proposed algorithm detects gait phases in real-time using a single IMU sensor.•Detection errors for the four gait sub-phases averaged 7.2–121.0 ms.•FES system delay with the algorithm averaged 25.9–181.1 ms.•Our system is simple and easy to use.