TCR-EML: Explainable Model Layers for TCR-pMHC Prediction

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission12 Authors

Keywords: T Cell, TCR, Transformers, XAI, Interpretability

TL;DR: We propose an approach to TCR-pMHC binding prediction, TCR-EML, that utilizes concept and prototype layers to provide accurate, detailed insights into the mechanisms of T cell response.

Abstract: T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes is a central component of adaptive immunity, with implications for vaccine design, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune disease. While recent advances in machine learning have improved prediction of TCR-pMHC binding, the most effective approaches are black-box transformer models that cannot provide a rationale for predictions. Post-hoc explanation methods can provide insight with respect to the input but do not explicitly model biochemical mechanisms (e.g. known binding regions), as in TCR-pMHC binding. “Explain-by-design” models (i.e., with architectural components that can be examined directly after training) have been explored in other domains, but have not been used for TCR-pMHC binding. We propose explainable model layers (TCR-EML) that can be incorporated into protein-language model backbones for TCR-pMHC modeling. Our approach uses prototype layers for amino acid residue contacts drawn from known TCR-pMHC binding mechanisms, enabling high-quality explanations for predicted TCR-pMHC binding. Experiments of our proposed method on large-scale datasets demonstrate competitive predictive accuracy and generalization, and evaluation on the TCR-XAI benchmark demonstrates improved explainability compared with existing approaches.

Primary Area: applications to physical sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, etc.)

Submission Number: 12