Routing Manifold Alignment Improves Generalization of Mixture-of-Experts LLMs

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission14875 Authors

Keywords: Large Language Models ;Mixture of Experts; Manifold Regularization;

TL;DR: Aligning the routing weight manifold with the manifold of task embedding can significantly improve existing MoE LLMs' downstream task performance by 6-16% in accuracy with lightweight post-training of routers.

Abstract: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) have been widely adopted in recent large language models since it can efficiently scale up the model capability without increasing the inference cost. However, evaluations on broad downstream tasks reveal a consistent suboptimality of the routers in existing MoE LLMs, which results in a severe performance gap (e.g., 10-20% in accuracy) to the optimal routing. In this paper, we show that aligning the manifold of routing weights with that of task embedding via post-training can effectively reduce the gap and improve MoE LLMs’ generalization performance. Our method, “Routing Manifold Alignment (RoMA)”, introduces an additional manifold regularization term in the post-training objective and only requires lightweight finetuning of routers (with other parameters frozen). Specifically, the regularization encourages the routing weights of each sample to be close to those of its successful neighbors (whose routing weights lead to correct answers) in a task embedding space. Consequently, samples targeting similar tasks will share similar expert choices across layers. Building such bindings between tasks and experts over different samples is essential to achieve better generalization. Moreover, RoMA demonstrates the advantage of unifying the task understanding (by embedding models) with solution generation (by MoE LLMs). In experiments, we finetune routers in two recent MoE LLMs using RoMA. Evaluations on diverse benchmarks and extensive comparisons with baselines show the substantial improvement brought by RoMA.

Primary Area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs

Submission Number: 14875