CyclicReflex: Improving Reasoning Models via Cyclical Reflection Token Scheduling

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission22053 Authors

Keywords: Large language model, Reasoning, Testing time scaling

Abstract: Large reasoning models (LRMs), such as OpenAI's o1 and DeepSeek-R1, harness test-time scaling to perform multi-step reasoning for complex problem-solving. This reasoning process, executed before producing final answers, is often guided by special juncture tokens that prompt self-evaluative reflection. We refer to these transition markers and reflective cues as “reflection tokens” (e.g., “wait,” “but,” “alternatively”). In this work, we treat reflection tokens as a “resource” and introduce the problem of resource allocation, aimed at improving the test-time compute performance of LRMs by adaptively regulating the frequency and placement of reflection tokens. Through empirical analysis, we show that both excessive and insufficient use of reflection tokens, referred to as over-reflection and under-reflection, can degrade model performance. To better understand this trade-off, we draw an analogy between reflection token usage and learning rate scheduling in optimization. Building on this insight, we propose cyclical reflection token scheduling (termed Ours), a training-free decoding strategy that dynamically modulates reflection token logits with a bidirectional, position-dependent triangular waveform, incurring no additional computation cost. Experiments on MATH500, AIME2024/2025, AMC2023, GPQA Diamond, and LiveCodeBench demonstrate that Ours consistently improves performance across model sizes (1.5B–8B), outperforming standard decoding and recent approaches such as TIP (thought switching penalty) and S1.

Primary Area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs

Submission Number: 22053