Diffusion Model's Generalization Can Be Characterized by Inductive Biases toward a Data-Dependent Ridge Manifold

Ye He, Yitong Qiu, Molei Tao

Keywords: Diffusion Models, Generalization, Ridge Manifold

TL;DR: We study the geometry of diffusion model's generalization analytically via data-induced ridge manifold.

Abstract: We study a data-dependent notion of diffusion-model generalization: when a model does not memorize the training set, where do its generated samples go relative to the geometry induced by the data? To answer this, we introduce a time-dependent family of log-density ridge manifolds constructed from the smoothed empirical distribution, and use it to characterize reverse-time inference. Our main result shows that generated samples evolve by a **reach-align-slide** mechanism: they first enter a neighborhood of the ridge, then their distance to the ridge is controlled by the normal component of training error, and finally their motion along the ridge is controlled by the tangential component. We further connect this geometric picture to training dynamics through directional decompositions of the learned error, and make this link explicit for random feature models, where architectural bias and optimization error can be separated quantitatively. Experiments on synthetic multimodal data and MNIST latent diffusion support the predicted geometric behavior in both low and high dimensions.

Submission Number: 79