Essay.03-WeinanQian-2100017831
Keywords: Association, Covariation, Causality
Abstract: Association, covariation and causality are three pivotal concepts in the realm of statistics and cognitive reasoning. While in everyday discourse, these terms tend to be used interchangeably, they actually bear distinct definitions. In probability theory, it is widely recognized that covariation simply implies association, yet association may not always encompass covariation. We leverage the intuitive definition and conduct analyses of causality, contending that causality implies association but not covariation. Moreover, it is crucial to note that neither association nor covariation can directly establish causality.
Submission Number: 59
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