Tooth-Diffusion: Guided 3D CBCT Synthesis with Fine-Grained Tooth Conditioning

Said Djafar Said, Torkan Gholamalizadeh, Mostafa Mehdipour Ghazi

Keywords: CBCT Scan Synthesis, Tooth Inpainting, 3D Generative Modeling, Conditional Diffusion, FiLM

TL;DR: We propose a novel conditional diffusion framework for 3D dental volume generation, guided by tooth-level binary attributes that allow precise control over tooth presence and configuration.

Abstract: Despite the growing importance of dental CBCT scans for diagnosis and treatment planning, generating anatomically realistic scans with fine-grained control remains a challenge in medical image synthesis. In this work, we propose a novel conditional diffusion framework for 3D dental volume generation, guided by tooth-level binary attributes that allow precise control over tooth presence and configuration. Our approach integrates wavelet-based denoising diffusion, FiLM conditioning, and masked loss functions to focus learning on relevant anatomical structures. We evaluate the model across diverse tasks, such as tooth addition, removal, and full dentition synthesis, using both paired and distributional similarity metrics. Results show strong fidelity and generalization with low FID scores, robust inpainting performance, and SSIM values above 0.91 even on unseen scans. By enabling realistic, localized modification of dentition without rescanning, this work opens opportunities for surgical planning, patient communication, and targeted data augmentation in dental AI workflows. The codes are available at: https://github.com/djafar1/tooth-diffusion.

Changes Summary:

We mainly applied the following changes:
- Included the code repository link in the abstract to improve reproducibility.
- Revised the Introduction and Conclusion sections to better emphasize the novelty, motivation, and limitations of the study, with directions for future work.
- Added references to the ToothFairy challenge datasets.
- Updated the Data section to justify the dataset size and clarify the test set description.

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Code Url: https://github.com/djafar1/tooth-diffusion

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Submission Number: 12