Purity Law for Neural Routing Problem Solvers with Enhanced Generalizability

Wenzhao Liu, Haoran Li, Congying Han, Zicheng Zhang, Anqi Li, Tiande Guo

Keywords: Routing Problem, Generalization, Universal Structural Principle, Policy Optimization

Abstract: Achieving generalization in neural approaches across different scales and distributions remains a significant challenge for routing problems. A key obstacle is that neural networks often fail to learn robust principles for identifying universal patterns and deriving optimal solutions from diverse instances. In this paper, we first uncover Purity Law, a fundamental structural principle for optimal solutions of routing problems, defining that edge prevalence grows exponentially with the sparsity of surrounding vertices. Statistically and theoretically validated across diverse instances, Purity Law reveals a consistent bias toward local sparsity in global optima. Building on this insight, we propose Purity Policy Optimization (PUPO), a novel training paradigm that explicitly aligns characteristics of neural solutions with Purity Law during the solution construction process to enhance generalization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PUPO can be seamlessly integrated with popular neural solvers, significantly enhancing their generalization performance without incurring additional computational overhead during inference.

Primary Area: Optimization (e.g., convex and non-convex, stochastic, robust)

Submission Number: 19649