Improving End-to-End Training of Retrieval-Augmented Generation Models via Joint Stochastic Approximation

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission19005 Authors

Keywords: retrieval-augmented generation

TL;DR: This paper presents JSA-RAG, a novel end-to-end RAG framework using joint stochastic approximation to optimize retrievers and generators stably, outperforming vanilla RAG and VRAG on dialog and ODQA datasets.

Abstract: Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a widely recognized paradigm to combine parametric memory with non-parametric memory. An RAG model consists of two serial connecting components (retriever and generator). A major challenge in end-to-end optimization of the RAG model is that marginalization over relevant passages (modeled as discrete latent variables) from a knowledge base is required. Traditional top-K marginalization and variational RAG (VRAG) suffer from biased or high-variance gradient estimates. In this paper, we propose and develop joint stochastic approximation (JSA) based end-to-end training of RAG, which is referred to as JSA-RAG. The JSA algorithm is a stochastic extension of the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm and is particularly powerful in estimating discrete latent variable models. Extensive experiments are conducted on five datasets for two tasks (open-domain question answering, knowledge-grounded dialogs) and show that JSA-RAG significantly outperforms both vanilla RAG and VRAG. Further analysis shows the efficacy of JSA-RAG from the perspectives of generation, retrieval, and low-variance gradient estimate.

Primary Area: unsupervised, self-supervised, semi-supervised, and supervised representation learning

Submission Number: 19005