SWERank: Software Issue Localization with Code Ranking

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission21939 Authors

Keywords: Software Issue Localization, Automated Code Repair, Retrieve-and-Rerank

TL;DR: We introduce SWERank, a retrieve-and-rerank framework for software issue localization, which aims to identify the relevant code that needs to be modified to fix a software issue.

Abstract: Software issue localization, the task of identifying the precise code locations (files, classes, or functions) relevant to a natural language issue description (e.g., bug report, feature request), is a critical yet time-consuming aspect of software development. While recent LLM-based agentic approaches demonstrate promise, they often incur significant latency and cost due to complex multi-step reasoning and relying on closed-source LLMs. Alternatively, traditional code ranking models, typically optimized for query-to-code or code-to-code retrieval, struggle with the verbose and failure-descriptive nature of issue localization queries. To bridge this gap, we introduce SWERank, an efficient and effective retrieve-and-rerank framework for software issue localization. To facilitate training, we construct SWELoc, a large-scale dataset curated from public GitHub repositories, featuring real-world issue descriptions paired with corresponding code modifications. Empirical results on SWE-Bench-Lite and LocBench show that SWERank achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming both prior ranking models and costly agent-based systems using closed-source LLMs like Claude-3.5. Further, we demonstrate SWELoc's utility in enhancing various existing retriever and reranker models for issue localization, establishing the dataset as a valuable resource for the community.

Primary Area: unsupervised, self-supervised, semi-supervised, and supervised representation learning

Submission Number: 21939