Tricks or Traps? A Deep Dive into RL for LLM Reasoning

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission17104 Authors

Keywords: Large Language Models Reasoning; Reinforcement Learning; Reasoning

Abstract: Reinforcement learning (RL) for LLM reasoning has rapidly emerged as a prominent research area, marked by a significant surge in related studies on both algorithmic innovations and practical applications. Despite this progress, several critical challenges remain, including the absence of standardized guidelines for applying RL techniques and a fragmented understanding of their underlying mechanisms. In addition, inconsistent experimental settings, variations in training data, and differences in model initialization have led to conflicting conclusions, obscuring the key characteristics of these techniques and creating confusion among practitioners when selecting appropriate techniques. This paper systematically reviews widely adopted RL techniques through rigorous reproductions and isolated evaluations within a unified open-source framework. We analyze the internal mechanisms, applicable scenarios, and core principles of each technique through fine-grained experiments, including datasets of varying difficulty, model sizes, and architectures. Based on these insights, we present clear guidelines for selecting RL techniques tailored to specific setups and provide a reliable roadmap for practitioners navigating the RL for the LLM domain. Finally, we show that a minimalist combination of two techniques can unlock the learning capability of critic-free policies with a vanilla PPO loss. The results demonstrate that our simple combination consistently improves performance, surpassing strategies such as GRPO and DAPO.

Primary Area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs

Submission Number: 17104