Framework of Thoughts: A Foundation Framework for Dynamic and Optimized Reasoning based on Chains, Trees, and Graphs

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission21964 Authors

Keywords: Large Language Models, Reasoning, Prompting Schemes, Tree of Thoughts, Graph of Thoughts

TL;DR: A software framework to implement and optimize LLM-powered reasoning schemes

Abstract: Prompting schemes such as Chain of Thought, Tree of Thoughts, and Graph of Thoughts can significantly enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, most existing schemes require users to define static, problem-specific reasoning structures that lack adaptability to dynamic or unseen problem types. Additionally, these schemes are often under-optimized in terms of hyperparameters, prompts, runtime, and prompting cost. To address these limitations, we introduce Framework of Thoughts (FoT)—a general-purpose foundation framework for building and optimizing dynamic reasoning schemes. FoT comes with built-in features for hyperparameter tuning, prompt optimization, parallel execution, and intelligent caching, unlocking the latent performance potential of reasoning schemes. We demonstrate FoT’s capabilities by implementing three popular schemes—Tree of Thoughts, Graph of Thoughts, and ProbTree—within FoT. We empirically show that FoT enables significantly faster execution, reduces costs, and achieves better task scores through optimization. We release our codebase to facilitate the development of future dynamic and efficient reasoning schemes.

Primary Area: infrastructure, software libraries, hardware, systems, etc.

Submission Number: 21964