Boosting In-Context Learning in LLMs Through the Lens of Classical Supervised Learning

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission18775 Authors

Keywords: Large language models, in-context learning, few-shot learning, calibration, Supervised Calibration, context-invariance regularization, trust-region regularization, robustness, text classification.

Abstract: In-Context Learning (ICL) allows Large Language Models (LLM) to adapt to new tasks with just a few examples, but their predictions often suffer from systematic biases, leading to unstable performances in classification. While calibration techniques are proposed to mitigate these biases, we show that, in the logit space, many of these methods are equivalent to merely shifting the LLM's decision boundary without having the ability to alter its orientation. This proves inadequate when biases cause the LLM to be severely misdirected. To address these limitations and provide a unifying framework, we propose Supervised Calibration (SC), a loss-minimization based framework, which learns an optimal, per-class affine transformation of LLM's predictive probabilities in the logit space without requiring external data beyond the context. By using a more expressive functional class, SC not only subsumes many existing calibration methods in ICL as special cases but also enables the ability of altering and even completely reversing the orientation of the LLM's decision boundary. Furthermore, SC's loss-based nature facilitates the seamless integration of two purpose-built regularization techniques—context-invariance and directional trust-region regularizers. The former is designed to tackle the instability issue in ICL, while the latter is to control the degree of calibration. Finally, SC delivers state-of-the-art performance over calibration baselines in the 4-shot, 8-shot, and 16-shot settings across all nine datasets for Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3, Llama-2-7B-chat, and Qwen2-7B-Instruct.

Primary Area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs

Submission Number: 18775