Public security threats from low-compute AI models

AAAI 2026 Workshop AIGOV Submission10 Authors

Keywords: AI Safety, AI Governance, Low-compute AI, LLM Benchmarks

TL;DR: Low-compute AI systems are rapidly gaining frontier-level capabilities, enabling malicious uses on consumer hardware that expose a major blind spot in current compute-based AI governance and security policies.

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are revolutionizing fields such as medicine, drug discovery, and materials science; however, many technologists and policymakers are also concerned about the technology's risks. To date, most concrete policies around AI governance have focused on managing AI risk by considering the amount of compute required to operate or build a given AI system. However, low-compute AI systems are becoming increasingly more performant - and more dangerous. Driven by agentic workflows, parameter quantization, and other model compression techniques, capabilities once only achievable on frontier-level systems have diffused into low-resource models deployable on consumer devices. In this report, we profile this trend by downloading historical benchmark performance data for over 5,000 large language models (LLMs) hosted on HuggingFace, noting the model size needed to achieve competitive LLM benchmarks has decreased by more than 10X over the past year. We then simulate the computational resources needed for an actor to launch a series of digital societal harm campaigns - such as disinformation botnets, sexual extortion schemes, voice-cloning fraud, and others - using low-compute open-source models and find nearly all studied campaigns can easily be executed on consumer-grade hardware. This paper argues that protection measures for high-compute models leave serious security holes for their low-compute counterparts, meaning its urgent both policymakers and technologists make greater efforts to understand and address this emerging class of threats.

Submission Number: 10