How Do Medical MLLMs Fail? A Study on Visual Grounding in Medical Images

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission1071 Authors

Keywords: Medical MLLM, Visual Grounding

Abstract:

Generalist multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of vision-language tasks. However, their performance on medical tasks—particularly in zero-shot settings where generalization is critical—remains suboptimal. A key research gap is the limited understanding of why medical MLLMs underperform in medical image interpretation.
**In this work**, we present a pioneering systematic investigation into the visual grounding capabilities of state-of-the-art medical MLLMs. To disentangle *visual grounding* from *semantic grounding*, we design VGMED, a novel evaluation dataset developed with expert clinical guidance, explicitly assessing the visual grounding capability of medical MLLMs.
We introduce new quantitative metrics and conduct detailed qualitative analyses. Our study across **eight** state-of-the-art (SOTA) medical MLLMs validates that they often fail to ground their predictions in clinically relevant image regions. We note that this finding is specific to medical image analysis; in contrast, prior work has shown that MLLMs are capable of grounding their predictions in the correct image regions when applied to natural scene images.
Motivated by these findings, we propose VGRefine, a simple yet effective inference-time method that refines attention distribution to improve visual grounding in medical settings. Our approach achieves SOTA performance across 6 diverse Med-VQA benchmarks (over 110K VQA samples from 8 imaging modalities)
without requiring additional training or external expert models. Overall, our work, for the first time, systematically validates inadequate visual grounding as one of the key contributing factors for medical MLLMs' under-performance.
Code and additional experiments are included in the Supp.

Primary Area: datasets and benchmarks

Submission Number: 1071