Communication Efficient LLM Pre-Training with SparseLoCo

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission19618 Authors

Keywords: LLM, LLM pre-training, distributed training, communication efficiency, gradient compression, Top-k sparsification, error feedback, EF, LocalSGD, DiLoCo

TL;DR: SparseLoCo: a communication-efficient training algorithm for LLMs that leverages Top-k sparsification and quantization to reach extreme compression ratios up to 1% sparsity and 2-bit quantization while outperforming full-precision baselines.

Abstract: Communication-efficient distributed training algorithms have received considerable interest recently due to their benefits for training Large Language Models (LLMs) in bandwidth-constrained settings, such as across datacenters and over the internet. Despite reducing communication frequency, these methods still typically require communicating a full copy of the model's gradients—resulting in a communication bottleneck even for cross-datacenter links. Furthermore, they can slightly degrade performance compared to a naive AdamW DDP baseline. While quantization is often applied to reduce the pseudo-gradient's size, in the context of LLM pre-training, existing approaches have been unable to additionally leverage sparsification and have obtained limited quantization. In this work, we introduce SparseLoCo, a communication-efficient training algorithm for LLMs that effectively leverages error feedback with Top-k sparsification and 2-bit quantization to reach extreme sparsity as low as 1–3% while outperforming full-precision DiLoCo. Our key observations are that outer momentum can be locally approximated by an error feedback accumulator combined with aggressive sparsity, and that sparse aggregation can actually improve model performance. We empirically demonstrate in a range of communication-constrained LLM training settings that SparseLoCo provides significant benefits in both performance and communication cost.

Primary Area: foundation or frontier models, including LLMs

Submission Number: 19618