Rethinking Knowledge Distillation: A Data Dependent Regulariser With a Negative Asymmetric Payoff

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission19408 Authors

Keywords: Functional Perspective, Knowledge Distillation, Randomised Control Trial, Distillation Scaling Laws, Adversarial Attacks

TL;DR: We show that knowledge distillation can provide statistically significant knowledge transfer; when significant non-marginal knowledge is transferred, there is a negative asymmetric payoff towards negative teacher knowledge shared with the student.

Abstract: Knowledge distillation is often considered a compression mechanism when judged on the resulting student's accuracy and loss, yet its functional impact is poorly understood. In this work, we quantify the compression capacity of knowledge distillation and the resulting knowledge transfer from a functional perspective, decoupling compression from architectural reduction, which provides an improved understanding of knowledge distillation. We employ hypothesis testing, controls, and random control distillation to understand knowledge transfer mechanisms across data modalities. To rigorously test the breadth and limits of our analyses, we explore multiple distillation variants and analyse distillation scaling laws across model sizes. Our findings demonstrate that, while there is statistically significant knowledge transfer in some modalities and architectures, the extent of this transfer is less pronounced than anticipated, even under conditions designed to maximise knowledge sharing. Notably, in cases of significant knowledge transfer, we identify a consistent and severe asymmetric transfer of negative knowledge to the student, raising safety concerns in knowledge distillation applications. Across 12 experimental setups, 9 architectures, and 7 datasets, our findings show that knowledge distillation functions less as a compression mechanism and more as a data-dependent regulariser with a negative asymmetric payoff.

Primary Area: alignment, fairness, safety, privacy, and societal considerations

Submission Number: 19408