Identifying Robust Neural Pathways: Few-Shot Adversarial Mask Tuning for Vision-Language Models

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission20493 Authors

Keywords: Vision-Language Models (VLMs), Adversarial Robustness, Mask Tuning, Robust Neural Pathways

TL;DR: To enhance the robustness of VLMs, we propose Adversarial Mask Tuning (AdvMask), a method that learns a set of binary masks that selectively deactivate model parameters vulnerable to adversarial perturbations.

Abstract: Recent vision-language models (VLMs), such as CLIP, have demonstrated remarkable transferability across a wide range of downstream tasks by effectively leveraging the joint text–image embedding space, even with only a few data samples. Despite their impressive performance, these models remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks, raising significant concerns about their security and reliability in practical deployments. To address this issue, we propose Adversarial Mask Tuning (AdvMask), a method that effectively enhances the robustness of VLMs without directly modifying their pre-trained weights. Instead, our AdvMask learns a set of binary masks that selectively deactivate model parameters vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. By identifying robust neural pathways within the vision encoder, AdvMask facilitates the generation of features and predictions that are resistant to adversarial attacks. Furthermore, we introduce a Layer-wise Adaptive Feature Alignment (LAFA) loss, specifically designed to optimize AdvMask in few-shot scenarios. The LAFA loss adaptively aligns intermediate-layer features from clean and adversarial samples across each transformer block, enhancing the representational robustness of the model. Experimental results across multiple benchmarks confirm that our AdvMask approach substantially outperforms existing adversarial tuning techniques for VLMs, especially in few-shot settings.

Primary Area: transfer learning, meta learning, and lifelong learning

Submission Number: 20493