R4: Nested Reasoning-Retrieval for Reward Modeling in Role-Playing Agents

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission17349 Authors

Keywords: role-playing, knowledge augmented

Abstract:

Role-playing dialogue presents unique challenges for large language models (LLMs): beyond producing coherent text, models must sustain character persona, integrate contextual knowledge, and convey emotional nuance. Despite strong reasoning abilities, current LLMs often generate dialogue that is literal, stylistically bland, and misaligned with character-specific traits. Existing approaches such as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) or reinforcement learning (RL) with scalar rewards are insufficient, as they cannot capture nuanced preferences or adapt reliably to diverse character contexts.
In this work, we introduce R4, a unified framework that equips both the reward model and the role-playing agent with reasoning and retrieval capabilities. Our reward model reformulates evaluation as structured reasoning: it integrates multi-step deliberation and retrieved knowledge to assess responses along multiple dimensions. This reward supervision is then used within reinforcement learning to train a dialogue agent with the same dual capabilities, enabling contextually grounded and persona-consistent generation.
Experiments demonstrate that R4 substantially improves dialogue quality, particularly in persona fidelity, narrative coherence, and emotional expressiveness. Analysis of training dynamics and case studies further shows that R4 agents employ retrieval more effectively, engage in retrieval-informed self-reflection, and achieve emergent role-playing behaviors unattainable by prior methods.

Primary Area: generative models

Submission Number: 17349