Best-of-N through the Smoothing Lens: KL Divergence and Regret Analysis

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission19670 Authors

Keywords: Best-of-N, Soft-best-of-N, Regret bound

TL;DR: We study the regret and KL divergence of Best-of-N through the lens of smoothing and using Soft-best-of-N

Abstract:

A simple yet effective method for inference-time alignment of generative models is Best-of-$N$ (BoN), where $N$ outcomes are sampled from a reference policy, evaluated using a calibrated proxy reward model, and the highest-scoring one is selected.
While prior work argues that BoN is almost optimal in reward vs KL tradeoffs, the effectiveness of BoN depends critically on the quality of the (calibrated) proxy reward model used for selection. For this purpose, we study BoN through a smooth version known as Soft Best-of-N (SBoN) and develop a theoretical framework to address this gap. We analyze the scaling behaviour of BoN by providing bounds on the KL divergence between the SBoN policy and the reference policy, offering insights into how performance varies with the number of samples. We also study the regret gap, i.e., the gap between the expected calibrated true reward under the optimal policy and the SBoN policy. Our theoretical and empirical findings show that smoothing helps SBoN mitigate reward overoptimization, especially when the quality of the calibrated proxy reward is low.

Primary Area: learning theory

Submission Number: 19670