VeriEquivBench: An Equivalence Score for Ground-Truth-Free Evaluation of Formally Verifiable Code

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission14317 Authors

Keywords: Formal verification, verifiable coding agents, code generation, large language models, benchmark

Abstract:

Formal verification is the next frontier for ensuring the correctness of code generated by Large Language Models (LLMs).
While methods that co-generate code and formal specifications in formal languages, like Dafny, can, in principle, prove alignment with user intent, progress is bottlenecked by specification quality evaluation.
Current benchmarks rely on matching against ground-truth specifications, a manual and expertise-intensive process that has limited existing datasets to a few hundred simple problems and also suffers from a reliability issue.
To address this, we introduce VeriEquivBench, a new benchmark with $2,389$ complex algorithmic problems that probe the limitations of current models in both code generation and formal reasoning.
Our evaluation framework replaces ground-truth matching with a formally grounded metric, the equivalence score, and rigorously verifies the quality of generated specifications and code.
Our results show that generating formally verifiable code remains a profound challenge for state-of-the-art LLMs. This underscores both the difficulty of the task and the need for benchmarks like VeriEquivBench to drive progress toward scalable and reliable coding agents.

Primary Area: datasets and benchmarks

Submission Number: 14317