Investigating Advanced Reasoning of Large Language Models via Black-Box Interaction

ICLR 2026 Conference Submission1476 Authors

Keywords: advanced reasoning, black-box interaction

Abstract:

Existing tasks fall short in evaluating reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) in an interactive, unknown environment. This deficiency leads to the isolated assessment of deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning, neglecting the integrated reasoning process that is indispensable for humans discovery of real world.
We introduce a novel evaluation paradigm, black-box interaction, to tackle this challenge.
A black-box is defined by a hidden function that maps a specific set of inputs to outputs. LLMs are required to unravel the hidden function behind the black-box by interacting with it in given exploration turns, and reasoning over observed input-output pairs.
Leveraging this idea, we build the Oracle benchmark which comprises 6 types of black-box task and 96 black-boxes. 19 modern LLMs are benchmarked. o3, a leading LLM from OpenAI, ranks first in 5 of the 6 tasks, achieving over 70\% accuracy on most easy black-boxes. But it still struggles with some hard black-box tasks, where its average performance drops below 40\%.
Further analysis indicates a universal difficulty among LLMs: They lack the high-level planning capability to develop efficient and adaptive exploration strategies for hypothesis refinement.

Primary Area: datasets and benchmarks

Submission Number: 1476